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|bishop 2 =Paolo Miraglia |consecration date 2 =May 6, 1900〔〔 |bishop 3 =Henry Marsh-Edwards |consecration date 3 =June 14, 1903 |bishop 6 =Carmel Henry Carfora |consecration date 6 =1907(?)〔 |bishop 7 =Victor von Kubinyi |consecration date 7 =April 27, 1913 |bishop 8 =Frederick Ebenezer Lloyd |consecration date 8 =December 29, 1915〔 |bishop 9 =George Alexander McGuire |consecration date 9 =September 28, 1921〔 |bishop 10 =Edgar James Sneed |consecration date 10 =June 1, 1923 |bishop 11 =Francis John Edmund Barwell-Walker |consecration date 11 =June 1, 1923 }} Joseph René Vilatte (January 24, 1854 – July 8, 1929), also known by the religious name Mar Timotheus I, was a French naturalized American Christian leader active in France and the United States. He was associated with several Christian denominations before his ordination as a priest by a Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland (CKS) bishop at the request of a Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America (PECUSA) bishop for service in a diocese. He was later consecrated as a bishop by Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church bishops with the knowledge and permission of the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch. He was expelled from multiple denominations and was an example of an ''ラテン語:episcopus vagans''. Although never a bishop within an Old Catholic denomination or sect, and denounced by the Union of Utrecht Old Catholic churches, he is known as the "first Old Catholic bishop of the United States". == Early life and conversion to Roman Catholicism == Vilatte was born in Paris, France, on .〔〔 He was raised by his paternal grandparents who were members of the ''フランス語:Petite Église'' (PÉ),〔 an independent church separated from the Roman Catholic Church (RCC) after the Concordat of 1801. Vincent Gourdon wrote that the had about 4,000 adherents at the time of Janssen's book. Peter Anson, in ''Bishops at large'', says that Vilatte's parents were members of the and that he was probably baptized by a layman. Boyd, however, claims that Vilatte was validly baptized and educated by parents who held Gallican beliefs. Some accounts say that Vilatte was born Roman Catholic. Vilatte also lost his parents at a "tender age". Raised in a Parisian orphanage operated by the Brothers of the Christian Schools where he was conditionally baptized, the sacrament of confirmation was conferred on him in Notre Dame de Paris cathedral.〔〔 His sister was an Augustinian nun, evicted during the enforcement of 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State from Montrouge, Paris, convent.〔〔 Vilatte, not yet sixteen, served during the Franco-Prussian War in the battalion of the National Guard militia commanded by Jules-Henri-Marius Bergeret, the future member of the Comité de vigilance de Montmartre.〔 He intended to be a Roman Catholic priest but, after the war and the Paris Commune, he went to Canada and became a member of the Methodist Church in Montreal.〔 He also spent two years as a teacher and lay assistant to a French mission priest. He worked as a catechist in a small school near Ottawa and led services.〔 After he returned to France in 1873, according to Bernard Vignot in ''フランス語:Le phénomène des Églises parallèles'', he was called up for military service but refused to obey. He then took refuge in Belgium. He spent one year in the House of the Christian Brothers at Namur.〔 Vilatte then emigrated to Canada in 1876.〔 Vilatte spent a second year devoted to private preparation for the priesthood before entering, in 1878, the Congregation of the Holy Cross Fathers' College of St. Laurent, Montreal, Canada.〔〔 Marx and Blied wrote that he spent three years at the College of St. Laurent and left voluntarily.〔 In the interval between his third and fourth seminary years, Vilatte attended several anti-Catholic lectures by Charles Chiniquy, a priest who left the and became a Presbyterian pastor, which led to Vilatte's doctrinal doubts.〔 Chiniquy, a French Canadian, was a gifted public speaker; Yves Roby, in the ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography'', compared Chiniquy to French Bishop Charles Auguste Marie Joseph, Count of Forbin-Janson, of Nancy and Toul, in his "spectacular preaching methods" and wrote that Chiniquy's preaching produced "genuine religious transformation". Chiniquy was dubbed the apostle of temperance. Anthony Cross wrote, in ''Père Hyacinthe Loyson, the フランス語:Eglise Catholique Gallicane (1879–1893) and the Anglican Reform Mission'', that "some made a living by attacking the Roman Church and the Society of Jesus in particular," he included Chiniquy among a number of excommunicated Roman Catholic priests, such as former Barnabite friar Alessandro Gavazzi, who "became anti-Catholic 'no popery' propagandists" and "received ready support from Protestants." "Even some Protestants became indignant," according to Roby, eventually at how "Chiniquy conducted an unremitting campaign" of "unrestrained attacks on the Catholic Church, its dogmas, sacraments, moral doctrine, and devotional practices" for five years.〔 Nicholas Weber, in the ''Catholic Encyclopedia'', wrote that Vilatte apostatized chiefly owing to the influence of Chiniquy. Apostasy is the renunciation of a belief or set of beliefs; specifically, the renunciation of one's religion or faith. According to Ernest Margrander, in the ''Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge'', Vilatte was unable to continue his seminary studies consistently and transferred to The Presbyterian College, Montreal where two years' study convinced him of both papal additions to a primitive Catholic faith and defective Protestant interpretation of its traditional teachings.〔 Anson contradicts Margrander; according to Anson, there was "no record of Vilatte as a student" at Presbyterian College.〔 John Shea wrote, in ''The American Catholic Quarterly Review'', that Vilatte was unwilling to leave the so he entered a house of the Alexian Brothers, and subsequently became a cook among the Clerics of Saint Viator at Bourbonnais Township, Kankakee County, Illinois. But he stayed only six months.〔 There, it seems, he became reacquainted with Chiniquy, who lived in nearby St. Anne, Illinois. Chiniquy advised him to begin missionary work among a group of French and Belgians, who had abandoned Catholicism, in Green Bay, Wisconsin.〔〔 In April 1884, he was appointed, by the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America (PCUSA) Board of Home Missions as pastor of a French language mission in Green Bay.〔 See also 〕 He preached against the and distributed Chiniquy's tracts there as well as Fort Howard, Marinette, and other parts of Wisconsin.〔 Although Vilatte did not succeed to any extent, according to Shea, he was ordained as a Presbyterian minister in August, made an addition to his chapel, and in October invited Chiniquy to come and dedicate it.〔 This seemed to close his career as a Presbyterian. Chiniquy introduced Vilatte to another former Roman Catholic, Hyacinthe Loyson, a former Carmelite priest who had been excommunicated in 1869. Loyson married in London in 1872. "Although Loyson was sometimes in contact with such anti-Catholic propagandists" analogous to Chiniquy, "he was wary of the violence of their language." According to Cross, "Loyson was too profoundly Catholic to associate with such extremists."〔 Marx and Blied identified Loyson as the source of Vilatte's interest in the Old Catholics' schism.〔 The ''フランス語:Eglise Catholique Gallicane'' (ECG), founded by Loyson in 1879, was "the Paris mission established under the auspices of the Anglo-Continental Society () with oversight of a bishop of the Scottish Episcopal Church" and "a bridgehead in a culture war which had been waged by Anglicans, admittedly at a fairly low level of activity, for nearly twenty years."〔 The endeavor "was one of a number of Anglican reform mission interventions in Roman Catholic heartlands" among the culture wars that were being fought in Germany, Haiti, Italy, Mexico, Portugal, Spain, and Switzerland.〔 William Ewart Gladstone, "played an important part in encouraging the foundation" of the .〔 Loyson collaborated with the "in his effort to recall Frenchmen to the principles and practices of the ancient Galilean Church before it was corrupted by Papal innovations." The was an ecumenical organization which saw the "hope of Christian Europe appears to rest on the progress of a de-Vaticanised Catholicism and a de-rationalised Protestantism." "It was," Cross emphasizes, the "which master-minded the extraordinary venture in Paris which resulted in the founding" of the .〔 Robert Nevin, the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America (PECUSA) rector in Rome, "seems to have been present at every juncture in the planning" and "appears to have been, with () Meyrick, the principal strategist in winning Anglican Episcopal backing."〔 Although official Anglican support and "regular substantial financial subsidy" was withdrawn from the at the end of 1881,〔 it remained unofficially supported.〔 According to Peter-Ben Smit, in ''Old Catholic and Philippine Independent Ecclesiologies in History'', Loyson "was a source of concern" for the Union of Utrecht's (UU) International Old Catholic Bishops' Conference (IBC) because "the Dutch did not want to have anything to do with him and others could not." It was ceded to the archdiocese of Utrecht in 1893,〔 although most parishioners were Gallican Catholics.〔 Shea wrote that, the Old Catholics' schism in the United States, originated with and was managed by the .〔 Loyson directed Vilatte, , to apply to Bishop John H. Brown of Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, the nearest Anglo-Catholic bishop.〔〔〔 Marx and Blied wrote that Loyson was a proponent of the branch theory within Anglicanism when "Vilatte met Loyson",〔 and Margrander wrote that Loyson wanted to personally talk with Vilatte regarding Catholic reform in America, and proposed that Vilatte travel to Europe for ordination as priest by a Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland (CKS) bishop, Eduard Herzog of Bern, Switzerland.〔 In 1890, Loyson denied personally knowing Vilatte. Marx and Blied did not known if the two also met during Loyson's second, 1893–1894, American tour.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「René Vilatte」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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